Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Using Mahogany and Tamarind-Based Bio-Coagulants and Biochar

Simple item page
dc.contributor.authorSharmin, Nowrose
dc.contributor.authorSamota , Atif Sharmila
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-07T10:05:52Z
dc.date.issued2025-10-25
dc.descriptionSupervised by Dr. Md. Rezaul Karim, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) Islamic University of Technology (IUT) Board Bazar, Gazipur, Bangladesh This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2025
dc.description.abstractOver the past several decades, ensuring an adequate supply of usable water has been a great challenge due to pollution, rapid population growth, overuse, declining resources and the impacts of climate change. While water purification can be a solution, conventional water treatment methods are often expensive and chemical-intensive, particularly in a developing country like Bangladesh. This study investigates the use of two locally available, low-cost agricultural byproducts - mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) fruit shell powder and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed powder, for their individual and combined application as bio-coagulants at varying dosages; and their performance when paired with conventional chemical coagulants (Alum and FeCl₃) in order to treat a mixed source of domestic and industrial wastewater. In addition, biochars prepared from the same materials were tested for adsorption efficiency under both batch and continuous flow conditions. The research focuses on turbidity and color removal, two key indicators of organic and industrial pollution in effluents. Batch experiments were conducted under constant operational conditions to determine the optimal dosage for the highest removal efficiency. The optimal dosages were found to be 10 mg/L for mahogany, 50 mg/L for tamarind and 25 mg/L for the combined dosage. Under identical conditions, turbidity removal efficiencies were 63.67%, 90.34% and 91.19%, respectively, while color removal efficiencies were 53.13%, 88.96% and 85.42%. The results indicate that both the materials and their combined usage exhibited noticeable removal efficiency, with tamarind seed powder showing the most effective overall performance among the bio-coagulants. To obtain a comprehensive comparison, the bio coagulants were also applied in combination with conventional chemical coagulants such as alum and ferric chloride (FeCl3) at optimized ratios. These hybrid systems showed improved removal efficiencies, with turbidity removal reaching up to 89.43% for the combined (bio-coagulant + alum) treatment and 88.15% for the (bio-coagulant + FeCl3) treatment at 70:30 and 80:20 ratios, respectively. Color removal efficiencies also improved moderately for these combinations. Overall, these experimental results highlight the potential of using natural materials in wastewater treatment, offering a sustainable x alternative that can reduce reliance on chemicals. In addition, biochar prepared from mahogany and tamarind was applied in adsorption studies to evaluate turbidity and color removal under both batch and continuous flow column conditions. Biochar batch adsorption exhibited high removal efficiencies for both turbidity and color. The biochars were able to remove upto 92% of turbidity and 73% of color, with equilibrium data best fitting the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Continuous column experiments using these biochars further confirmed the reliability and stability of adsorption over time, demonstrating consistent reduction of turbidity and color under continuous flow and achieving 99% turbidity and 94-98% color removal of the effluent after 3 hours of operation. However, even after 12 hours of continuous operation, the adsorption performance of the biochars remained highly efficient, thus no breakthrough point was observed during the experiment. Overall, the findings suggest that the application of these bio-coagulants and biochars can significantly reduce reliance on chemical treatments and imported reagents. Their utilization offers a cost-effective, environment-friendly and sustainable approach to wastewater purification, particularly suitable for a developing country like Bangladesh, abundant with natural resources. Moreover, this study highlights the potential of transforming agricultural byproducts into valuable treatment materials, thereby contributing to circular resource management and sustainable water treatment development in Bangladesh.
dc.identifier.citationWWAP (World Water Assessment Programme). (2017). The United Nations world water development report 2017: Wastewater: The untapped resource. UNESCO. Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S., Endo, T., & Zahoor, A. (2013). Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use. Agricultural Water Management, 130, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.08.007 Owhonka, A., Fubara, E., Egbono, F., & Justice, O. (2021). Wastewater quality: Its impact on the environment and human physiology: A review. International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovation, 9(4), 43–58. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369907969 Breach, P. A., & Simonovic, S. P. (2018). Wastewater treatment energy recovery potential for adaptation to global change: An integrated assessment. Environmental Management, 61(4), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267 018-0997-6 Tella, T. A., Festus, B., Olaoluwa, T. D., & Oladapo, A. S. (2023). Water and wastewater treatment in developed and developing countries: Present experience and future plans. In Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research (Vol. 5, pp. 309–334). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-21794-4.00030-2 Jiang, J.-Q., Zhou, Z., & Sharma, V. K. (2013). Occurrence, transportation, monitoring, and treatment of emerging micro-pollutants in wastewater — A review from global views. Microchemical Journal, 110, 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.017 Kjellén, M. (2018). Wastewater governance and the local, regional and global environments. Water Alternatives, 11(2), 230–231. https://www.water alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol11/v11issue2/434-a11-2-1/file 89 Ingole, S., Dhote, J., & Chavhan, A. (2012). Review on wastewater treatment technologies. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 11(1), 8–12. https://www.academia.edu/download/90297825/ijaesv11n1_08.pdf Sonune, A., & Ghate, R. (2004). Developments in wastewater treatment methods. Desalination, 167(1–3), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.113 World Water Assessment Programme. (2017). Wastewater as a resource: Advancing a circular economy. UNESCO. Islam, A. K. M. K. (2023). Domestic and industrial wastewater generation and its energy recovery potential in Bangladesh. Clean Energy Systems. Dey, S., & Islam, A. (2015). A review on textile wastewater characterization in Bangladesh. Sharmin, M., & Ayesha, S. (2016). Water and wastewater in Bangladesh, current status and a design of a decentralized solution (MSc thesis). Luleå University. Hossain, L., Sarker, S. K., & Khan, M. S. (2018). Evaluation of present and future wastewater impacts of textile dyeing industries in Bangladesh. Environmental Development. Gulfam E Jannat, S., Golui, D., Islam, S., Saha, B., Rahman, S. M., Bezbaruah, A. N., & Iskander, S. M. (2023). Industrial water demand and wastewater generation: Challenges for Bangladesh’s water industry. ACS EST Water. Haque, N. (2020). Mapping prospects and challenges of managing sludge from effluent treatment in Bangladesh. Journal of Cleaner Production. Shefa, J., Xames, M. D., Hasan, A., & Talapatra, S. (2023). Feasibility study of common effluent treatment plant for management of industrial wastewater: Case study of Bangladeshi textile industries. Sarker, N. K., & Sarkar, S. (2018). A comparative study on cost analysis, efficiency, and process mechanism of effluent treatment plants in Bangladesh. 90 Ihekweme, G. O., Saidu, M., Bello, A., Anyakora, V. N., & Obianyo, I. I. (2020). Water problems and remediation methods using natural materials. FUT Minna Repository. 6W Research. (2024). Bangladesh wastewater treatment services market outlook. https://www.6wresearch.com/industry-report/bangladesh-wastewater-treatment services-market Begum, A., Roy, S., Muniruzzaman, M., Muhtaseem, J. A., & Shahidi, S. (2025). A cost effective approach to water treatments in Bangladesh for domestic and agricultural uses with atmospheric pressure air plasma. Global Development Journals, 5(4), 691–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2025.2520583 daiki-axisbd.com. (2025). Sewage treatment plant market size in Bangladesh. https://daiki-axisbd.com/sewage-treatment-plant-market-size-in-bangladesh Ihekweme, G. O., Saidu, M., Bello, A., Anyakora, V. N., & Obianyo, I. I. (2020). Water remediation using natural materials. FUT Minna Repository. http://irepo.futminna.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/19212 Mongabay. (2022, November). Dhaka’s ailing sewage system threatens human and environmental health. https://news.mongabay.com/2022/11/dhakas-ailing sewage-system-threatens-human-and-environmental-health SDG6 Data. (2024). Indicator 6.3.1: Proportion of wastewater safely treated. https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Bangladesh Time. (2015). Life on a death river in Bangladesh. https://time.com/3806311/life-on-a death-river-in-bangladesh Uddin, M. A., Begum, M. S., Ashraf, M., Azad, A. K., Adhikary, A. C., & Hossain, M. S. (2023). Water and chemical consumption in the textile processing industry of Bangladesh. PLOS Sustainable Transformation, 2(7), e0000072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000072 Water Technologies. (2025). Bangladesh’s first MBR-based effluent treatment plant in textile industry. https://www.watertechnologies.com/case-study/bangladeshs-first mbr-based-effluent-treatment-plant-textile-industry-meetsthe-zero 91 Wikipedia. (2025). Dhaka. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka Wired. (2017, January). A thousand polluted gardens inside Bangladesh’s billion-dollar leather industry. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/adib-chowdhury-a-thousand polluted-gardens-inside-bangladeshs-polluted-billion-dollar-leather-industry Zaman, S., Begum, A., Rabbani, K. S., & Bari, L. (2017). Low cost and sustainable surface water purification methods using Moringa seeds and scallop powder followed by bio-sand filtration. Water Supply, 17(1), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.111 Diver, D., Nhapi, I., & Ruziwa, W. R. (2023). The potential and constraints of replacing conventional chemical coagulants with natural plant extracts in water and wastewater treatment. Environmental Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100421 Bahrodin, M. B., Zaidi, N. S., Hussein, N., & Syafiuddin, A. (2021). Recent advances on coagulation-based treatment of wastewater: Transition from chemical to natural coagulant. Current Pollution Reports, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-021 00191-7 Sinha, S., Yoon, Y., Amy, G., & Yoon, J. (2004). Determining the effectiveness of conventional and alternative coagulants through effective characterization schemes. Alexander, J. T., Hai, F. I., & Al Aboud, T. M. (2012). Chemical coagulation-based processes for trace organic contaminant removal: Current state and future potential. Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.023 Cañizares, P., Martínez, F., Jiménez, C., Sáez, C., & Rodrigo, M. A. (2008). Technical and economic comparison of conventional and electrochemical coagulation processes. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2102 Mishra, S., Chowdhary, P., & Bharagava, R. N. (2019). Conventional methods for the removal of industrial pollutants, their merits and demerits. In R. Bharagava & P. 92 Chowdhary (Eds.), Emerging and eco-friendly approaches for waste management (pp. 1–xx). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8669-4_1 Salem, A. T., Al Musawi, N., & Al Musawi, N. (2021). Water treatment with conventional and alternative coagulants: A review. Journal of Engineering, 27(9), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.09.02 Kurniawan, S. B., Ahmad, A., Imron, M. F., Sheikh Abdullah, S. R., Abu Hasan, H., Othman, A. R., & Kuncoro, E. P. (2023). Performance of chemical-based vs bio based coagulants in treating aquaculture wastewater and cost-benefit analysis. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32(2), 1177–1187. Varsani, V., Vyas, S. J., & Dudhagara, D. R. (2022). Development of bio-based material from the Moringa oleifera and its bio-coagulation kinetic modeling–A sustainable approach to treat the wastewater. Journal Name, 8(9), e10447. Badawi, A. K., Salama, R. S., & Mostafa, M. M. (2023). Natural-based coagulants/flocculants as sustainable market-valued products for industrial wastewater treatment: A review of recent developments. RSC Advances, 13, 19335–19355. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA01999C Radovic, S., Sekulic, M. T., Agarski, B., Pap, S., Vukelic, D., Budak, I., & Prodanovic, J. (2023). Life cycle assessment of new bio-based coagulant production for sustainable wastewater treatment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 7433–7462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04440-0 Usman, I. M. T., Ho, Y.-C., Baloo, L., Lam, M.-K., Show, P.-L., & Sujarwo, W. (2023). Comprehensive review of modification, optimisation, and characterisation methods applied to plant-based natural coagulants (PBNCs) for water and wastewater treatment. Sustainability, 15(5), 4484. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054484 Benalia, A., Derbal, K., Amrouci, Z., Baatache, O., Khalfaoui, A., & Pizzi, A. (2024). Application of plant-based coagulants and their mechanisms in water treatment: A review. Journal of Renewable Materials, 12(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2024.048306 93 Deepa, D., Keerthana, R., Pratheep Kumar, R., & Suryaprakash, R. (2022). Primary treatment of dairy wastewater using bio-based natural coagulants. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 1234–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.125 Akhtar, M., et al. (2015). Utilization of natural coagulants for water treatment. Choy, S. Y., et al. (2016). Review of natural coagulants in water treatment. Adeogun, A. I., et al. (2019). Application of bio-coagulants from agricultural waste. Gunatilake, S. K. (2017). Methods of wastewater treatment using natural polymers. Saleem, M., & Bachmann, R. T. (2019). A review on natural coagulants for water purification. Zainol, N. A., & Fadli, N. N. M. (2020). Surface water treatment using tamarind seed as coagulant. Idris, M., et al. (2018). Tamarindus indica: A review on efficacy in water treatment. Hasan, N. A., et al. (2022). Treatment of textile effluent using mahogany seed powder. Pathak, N., et al. (2021). Characterization and application of mahogany shell as natural coagulant. Ojha, S., et al. (2020). Comparative evaluation of bio-coagulants in surface water clarification. Banu, R. J., et al. (2017). Natural coagulants and flocculants for wastewater treatment. Vijayaraghavan, G., et al. (2018). Application of locally sourced plants as natural coagulants for dye removal. Jaganathan, J. S., et al. (2023). Coagulation-flocculation of aquaculture effluent using bioflocculants. Aboagye, D., et al. (2021). Potential of plant-based coagulants for water clarification. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology. (2021). Treatment of municipal wastewater using naturally available coagulant. Ochoa-Fajardo, M. C., et al. (2020). Clarification of surface water by tamarind seed coagulation. 94 Idris, M., Karamba, H., & Ayoubi, R. (2018). Tamarindus indica: Review on water treatment and purification. Wasj. (2017). Tamarindus indica seed as natural coagulant for traditional gold mining wastewater treatment. Undikma Journal. (2022). Utilization of tamarind seed Bio-coagulant as learning material for water purification. MDPI. (2023). From natural to industrial: How Bio-coagulants can revolutionize wastewater treatment. Kaur, G., et al. (2021). Evaluation of natural coagulants for domestic wastewater. Sharma, R., et al. (2020). Eco-friendly bio-coagulants for industrial wastewater management. Sevim, F., Laçin, Ö., Demir, F., & Erkiliç, Ö. F. (2025). Adsorption capacity, isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics examinations on the removal of a textile azo dye by local natural adsorbent. Global Challenges. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202500024 Selvakarthi, D., & Ragupathy, U. S. (2024). Textile effluent treatments using natural adsorbents and vapor absorption technology: A Box-Behnken design approach. Desalination and Water Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100443 Xiang, W., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Zou, W., He, F., Hu, X., Tsang, D. C. W., Ok, Y. S., & Gao, B. (2020). Biochar technology in wastewater treatment: A critical review. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126539 Enaime, G., Baçaoui, A., Yaacoubi, A., & Lübken, M. (2020). Biochar for wastewater treatment—Conversion technologies and applications. Applied Sciences, 10(10), 3492. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103492 Wang, X., Guo, Z., Hu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2020). Recent advances in biochar application for water and wastewater treatment: A review. PeerJ, 8, e9164. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9164 95 Kamali, M., Appels, L., Kwon, E. E., Aminabhavi, T. M., & Dewil, R. (2021). Biochar in water and wastewater treatment: A sustainability assessment. Chemical Engineering Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129946 Gupta, M., Savla, N., Pandit, C., Pandit, S., Gupta, P. K., Pant, M., Khilari, S., Kumar, Y., Agarwal, D., Nair, R. R., Thomas, D., & Thakur, V. K. (2022). Use of biomass-derived biochar in wastewater treatment and power production: A promising solution for a sustainable environment. Science of The Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153892 (Environ. Sci. Technol., 2016, 50(20), 11253–11262). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b03239 Kang, K., Hu, Y., Khan, I., He, S., & Fatehi, P. (2023). Recent advances in the synthesis and application of magnetic biochar for wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129786 Huggins, T. M., Haeger, A., Biffinger, J. C., & Ren, Z. J. (2016). Granular biochar compared with activated carbon for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.059 Olunusi, S. O., Adeleye, P. G., Oladipupo, S. B., Adeleye, A. T., & John, K. I. (2023). Biomass-derived biochar in wastewater treatment: A circular economy approach. Waste Management & Bioremediation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2023.07.007 Selvakarthi, D., & Ragupathy, U. S. (2024). Textile effluent treatments using natural adsorbents and vapor absorption technology: A Box-Behnken design approach. Desalination and Water Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100443 Alsawy, T., Rashad, E., El-Qelish, M., et al. (2022). A comprehensive review on the chemical regeneration of biochar adsorbent for sustainable wastewater treatment. npj Clean Water, 5, 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-022-00172-3 Myint, S. W., Naing, Z. Y., Nistratov, A. V., & Klushin, V. N. (2024). Efficiency of using granular activated carbon obtained from tamarind fruit processing waste for the purification of multi-components impurities in industrial draining wastewater. 96 In L. V. Radionova & D. V. Ulrikh (Eds.), Advances in ecology and environmental engineering (pp. 233–250). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 3-031-64423-8_19 Activated carbon production from mahogany tree. (n.d.). Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/489314005/Activated-Carbon-Production from-Mahogany-Tree Magoling, B. J. A., & Macalalad, A. A. (2017). Optimization and response surface modelling of activated carbon production from mahogany fruit husk for removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution. BioResources, 12(2), 3001–3016. Danbature, W. (2024). Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from mahogany fruit shell (Khaya senegalensis) impregnated with TiO₂ used in the adsorption of cadmium and arsenic. Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJOCS/2024/V14I2303 Mahogany tree fruit husks as an alternative adsorbent. (n.d.). Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/786665414/Mahogany-Tree-Fruit-Husks-as an-Alternat Patil, S. A., Suryawanshi, U. P., Harale, N. S., Patil, S. K., Vadiyar, M. M., Luwang, M. N., & Kolekar, S. S. (2020). Adsorption of toxic Pb(II) on activated carbon derived from agricultural waste (mahogany fruit shell): Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 102(19), 8270–8286. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1849648 Permngam, N. T., Taweekun, J., & Theppaya, T. (2024). Production of activated carbon from pod mahogany (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib) activated by using potassium hydroxide. Advanced Research in Materials Science and Engineering, 20(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.37934/armne.20.1.5965 Shaibur, M. R., Khatun, Y., Howlader, M., Islam, M. M., Rahman, M. W., Khan, A. S., & Ambade, B. (2024). Determination of water quality and efficient removal of arsenic and iron from groundwater using mahogany fruit husk and banana 97 peduncle charcoals. Results in Engineering, 22, 102220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102220 Patil, S. A., Suryawanshi, U. P., Harale, N. S., Patil, S. K., Vadiyar, M. M., Luwang, M. N., & Kolekar, S. S. (2020). Adsorption of toxic Pb(II) on activated carbon derived from agricultural waste (mahogany fruit shell): Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 102(19), 8270–8286. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1849648 Mahogany-based adsorbents for heavy metal removal. (n.d.). Animo Repository. https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1676&context=c onf_shsrescon Sartape, A., Patil, S. A., Patil, S. K., & Kolekar, S. (2013). Mahogany fruit shell: A new low-cost adsorbent for removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Desalination and Water Treatment, 53(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.839404 Danbature, W. (2024). Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from mahogany fruit shell (Khaya senegalensis) impregnated with TiO₂ used in the adsorption of cadmium and arsenic. Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJOCS/2024/V14I2303 Permngam, N. T., Taweekun, J., & Theppaya, T. (2024). Production of activated carbon from pod mahogany (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib) activated by using potassium hydroxide. Advanced Research in Materials Science and Engineering, 20(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.37934/armne.20.1.5965 Murugan, M., & Subramanian, E. (n.d.). Studies on defluoridation of water by tamarind seed: An unconventional biosorbent. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Department of Chemistry. Dumpan, Y., Taweekun, J., & Maliwan, K. (2024). Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from giant sour tamarind fruit shell by KOH activation. Advanced Research in Materials Science and Engineering, 20(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.37934/armne.20.1.5158 98 Adur, A. J., Mayachar, S., Nandhini, N., Mahadeva, M., Devarajan, R., Loganathan, R., & Kuppan, N. (2024). Eco-innovative breakthrough: Tamarind shell-derived silver nanoparticles for advanced wastewater bacterial purification. Science Talks, 10(4), 100417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sctalk.2024.100417 Maheshwari, P. (2024). Tamarind shell carbon as an adsorbent: A comparative study on adsorption of monobasic and dibasic acid. Asian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 6(3), 866–886. Pandian, N. K. S., et al. (2025). Adsorption and desorption kinetics of deseeded tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) fruit and its modeling approach. Journal of Food Process Engineering. Wiley. Janthabut, P., et al. (2025). Adsorption of nickel (II) ions onto activated carbon from tamarind seeds for synthetic wastewater treatment: Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Environmental Chemistry and Engineering. Elsevier. Dumpan, Y., Taweekun, J., & Maliwan, K. (2023). Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from giant sour tamarind fruit shell by KOH activation. Journal of Advanced Research in Materials and Nanotechnology Engineering, 20(1), 51 58. Sevim, F., et al. (2025). Advanced adsorption and hybrid modeling approaches for natural and modified materials in wastewater systems. Global Challenges. Wiley. Foo, K. Y., Lee, L. K., & Hameed, B. H. (2013). Preparation of tamarind fruit seed activated carbon by microwave heating for the adsorptive treatment of landfill leachate: A laboratory column evaluation. Bioresource Technology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23501142/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.097 Rajeshkannan, R., Rajasimman, M., & Rajamohan, N. (2013). Packed bed column studies for the removal of dyes using novel sorbent. ScIndeks. https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=1451-93721304461R&lang=en Rangabhashiyam, S., Giri Nandagopal, M. S., Nakkeeran, E., & Selvaraju, N. (2016). Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from synthetic and electroplating effluent on chemically modified Swietenia mahagoni shell in a packed bed column. 99 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312254 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5415-z Patel, H., & Vashi, R. T. (2011). Fixed bed column adsorption of ACID Yellow 17 dye onto Tamarind Seed Powder. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cjce.20518 Bautista Quispe, J. I., Campos, L. C., Mašek, O., & Bogush, A. (2023). Optimisation of biochar filter for handwashing wastewater treatment and potential treated water reuse for handwashing. Journal of Water Process Engineering. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714423005202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104001 American Public Health Association. (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). https://www.abpsoil.com/images/Books/Standard-Methods-for-the-Examination of-Water-and-Wastewater-20.pdf Rahman, M. H. B. K., Ahmed, T., Ahsan, A., Rahman, M. R., et al. (2025). Optimization of rice husk ash, Moringa oleifera powder, biochar, and okra seed powder for turbidity and color removal in the Turag and Buriganga rivers using response surface methodology. Results in Engineering, 26(7), 104778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104778 Karim, M. R., Shariar, S., Rahadujjaman, M., Hasan, R., Islam, M. T., Faysal, A., Khan, M. H. B. K., et al. (2024). Evaluating water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools of Bangladesh: Progress toward SDG compliance. Journal of Water and Health, 22(10), 1942–1955. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2024.223 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2023). Water quality standards: Regulations and resources. https://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech SCIRP. (2025). https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1982598 Environ. Sci. Technol. (2017). [Article on environmental water treatment], 51(6), 3480 3489. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b06281 100 Mubashir, S., Ba-Abbad, M. M., Ewis, D., et al. (2025). Synthesis of biochar from tamarind seed: Experimental optimization using response surface methodology design. Chemical Papers, 79, 3587–3600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-025 04016-5 Zylab Solution. (n.d.). How to make biochar with muffle furnace. https://www.zylabsolution.com/how-to-make-biochar-with-muffle-furnace/ Hassan, I., Sethupathi, S., & Ahmad, A. L., et al. (2025). Polyethylene microbead removal via aeration. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 3003(1), 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3003/1/012006 Al-Ghouti, M. A., & Da’ana, D. A. (2020). Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383 Prasetyo, T. B., Maulana, A., Harianti, M., & Herviyanti, H. (2024). Adsorption isotherm model of Hg²⁺ with biochar from young coconut waste. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1297(1), 012093. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755 1315/1297/1/012093 Ayawei, N., Ebelegi, A. N., & Wankasi, D. (2017). Modelling and interpretation of adsorption isotherms. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3039817redl Almahbashi, N., Kutty, S. R. M., Jagaba, A. H., & Rathnayake, U. (2022). Column study for adsorption of copper and cadmium using activated carbon derived from sewage sludge. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2022, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3590462 Naghizadeh, A., Nasseri, S., Mahvi, A., Rashidi, A., & [others]. (2013). Continuous adsorption of natural organic matters in a column packed with carbon nanotubes. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 11(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-11-14 Viotti, P., Marzeddu, S., Antonucci, A., Boni, M. R., & [others]. (2024). Biochar as alternative material for heavy metal adsorption from groundwaters: Lab-scale 101 (column) experiment review. Materials, 17(4), 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040809 G M, R., Shetty, V., & Srinikethan, G. (2023). Continuous fixed-bed adsorption of reactive azo dye on activated red mud for wastewater treatment—Evaluation of column dynamics and design parameters. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(19), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26210-2 Husen, A. K., Bidira, F., Bekel, E. A., Tegegn, M., Desta, W. M., & Asaithambi, P. (2024). Color, COD, and turbidity removal from surface water by using linseed and alum coagulants: Optimization through response surface methodology. Applied Water Science, 14(9), 203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-024-02240-0 Ang, W. L., Mohammad, A. W., Matsuura, T., Ismail, A. F., & Hilal, N. (2020). State of the art and sustainability of natural coagulants in water and wastewater treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, Article 121328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121328 Choy, S. Y. (2014). Utilisation of plant-based natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification. Procedia Engineering, 70, 1458–1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.xxx Dewi, A., Eri, I. R., Pratiwi, H., AT, N. D., & Narwati, N. (2021). Application of Tamarindus indica seed extract as bio-coagulant to removal suspended solids and colors. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 10(2), 324. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v10i2.20686 Domingues, J. A., Consolin Filho, N., Souza, L. A. G., & Medeiros, F. V. d. S. (2020). Coagulation activity of the seed extract from Zygia cauliflora (Willd.) Killip applied in water treatment. Ambiente & Água – An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2611 Dong, C. D., et al. (2024). Facile heteroatoms modification biochar production from waste biomass to enhance performance for pollutant removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.21759 102 Hammari, A. M., Abubakar, H., Misau, M. I., Aroke, U. O., & Hamza, U. D. (2020). Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic studies of methylene blue dye using groundnut shell and sorghum husk biosorbent. Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology, 3(2), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v3i2.556 Islam, M. J. (2024). A study on seasonal variations in water quality parameters of Dhaka rivers. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 15(2), 69–73. Nimesha, S., Hewawasam, C., Jayasanka, D. J., Murakami, Y., Araki, N., & Maharjan, N. (2021). Effectiveness of natural coagulants in water and wastewater treatment. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 7(3), 361–376. Namane, P. I., Letshwenyo, M. W., & Yahya, A. (2024). Evaluation of plant-based coagulants for turbidity removal and coagulant dosage prediction using machine learning. Environmental Technology, 46(14), 2570–2585. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2024.2439183 Patel, H., & Vashi, R. T. (2012). Fixed bed column adsorption of Acid Yellow 17 dye onto tamarind seed powder. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 90(1), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20518 Pieczykolan, B. (2022). Investigation of adsorption kinetics and isotherms of synthetic dyes on biochar derived from post-coagulation sludge. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(16), 7912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167912 Saha, R. K., Paula, H., Hashem, M. A., & Hira, J. (2024). Investigation of dye adsorption on thermally activated adsorbent derived from Tamarindus indica leaves (tannery wastewater application). Journal of Engineering Science, 15(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.3329/jes.v15i2.82166 Tahraoui, H., Toumi, S., Boudoukhani, M., Touzout, N., Sid, A. N. E. H., Amrane, A., Belhadj, A.-E., Hadjadj, M., Laichi, Y., Aboumustapha, M., Kebir, M., Bouguettoucha, A., Chebli, D., Assadi, A. A., & Zhang, J. (2024). Evaluating the effectiveness of coagulation–flocculation treatment using aluminum sulfate on a 103 polluted surface water source: A year-long study. Water, 16(3), Article 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030400 Tan, X., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, X., Hu, X., & Gu, Y. (2015). Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere, 125, 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.078 Wardani, S., et al. (2018). Kinetic parameters and calorific value of biochar from Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany) wood pyrolysis with heating rate and final temperature variations. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2049, 020034. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5082829 Werkneh, A. A., et al. (2018). Simultaneous removal of selenite and phenol from wastewater in an upflow fungal pellet bioreactor. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 93(4), 1012–1020. Zhang, J., & co-authors. (2024). Application of modified biochar for dye removal from wastewater. Global NEST Journal, 26(1), 1–12. https://journal.gnest.org/publication/gnest_05046
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.iutoic-dhaka.edu/handle/123456789/2688
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering(MPE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh
dc.titleSustainable Wastewater Treatment: Using Mahogany and Tamarind-Based Bio-Coagulants and Biochar
dc.typeThesis

Files

Original bundle

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
Thumbnail Image
Name:
11 Fulltext_ CEE_Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Using _200051217,200051256_.pdf
Size:
3.12 MB
Format:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Download
Thumbnail Image
Name:
11 Turnitin Report_ CEE_200051217,200051256_.pdf
Size:
366.73 KB
Format:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Download

License bundle

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
Thumbnail Image
Name:
license.txt
Size:
1.71 KB
Format:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Description:
Download

Collections

2025